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 B & T World Seeds

Common Name:
Botanical name:

Glossary C - E

caducous: falling off early.
caespitose: growing in tufts.
calli: in dampiera small outgrowths in the throat of the corolla (acting as tactile guides for pollinators).
callus: a protruding mass of hardened tissue, often formed after an injury but sometimes a regular feature of the plant, e.g. on the labellum of some orchids and the axis of the spikelet of some grasses. adj. callose.
calyptra: in mosses, a cap-like structure covering or partly covering the capsule and derived from the neck of the archegonium. (in a flower, = operculum).
calyx-tube: a tube formed by fusion or cohesion of sepals. cf. hypanthium.
calyx: the sepals of one flower collectively.
campanulate: bell-shaped.
campylotropous: of an ovule, orientated transversely, i.e. with its axis at right angles to its stalk, and with a curved embryo sac.
canaliculate: with a longitudinal groove or channel.
canopy: the branches and foliage of a tree. cf. bole.
capitate: of an inflorescence, with the flowers unstalked and aggregate into a dense cluster; of a stigma, globose, like the head of a pin.
capitellate: shaped like, or aggregate into, a very small head.
capitulum: a dense cluster of sessile flowers.
capsule: a dry fruit formed from two or more united carpels and dehiscing at maturity to release the seeds.
carinate: keeled.
carpel: an organ at the centre of a flower, bearing one or more ovules and having its margins fused together or with other carpels to enclose the ovule(s) in an ovary, and consisting also of a stigma and usually a style.
carpophore: in ferns, the stalk of a sporocarp; in a fruit, the stalk of a mericarp.
caruncle (= strophiole): an outgrowth of a seed coat (testa), near the hilum.
caryopsis: a dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit in which the seed coat (testa) is closely fused to the fruit wall (characteristic of grasses).
cataphyll: a scale leaf associated with a vegetative part of a plant, e.g. rhizome, perennating bud.
catkin: a spike in which the flowers are unisexual and without conspicuous perianth.
caudate: having a narrow tail-like appendage.
caudex: a thick, erect trunk, especially of cycads.
caudicle: a thread to which a pollen mass is attached in orchidaceae and asclepiadaceae.
cauliflorous: see cauline.
cauline: of leaves, borne on an aerial stem; of flowers or fruits, (= cauliflorous) borne on old wood.
cell: the basic unit of plant structure consisting, at least when young, of a protoplast surrounded by a wall.
centrifugal: directed, or developing, from the centre or axis outwards.
centripetal: directed, or developing, from the outside towards the centre or axis.
chaff: thin, membranous scales or bracts; thin, dry unfertilised ovules among the fully developed seeds of a fruit.
chalaza: the part of an ovule to which the end of the stalk (funicle) is attached.
chartaceous: papery.
chlorophyll: pigment(s) constituting the green colouring matter of plants and absorbing radiant energy in photosynthesis.
chromosome: a thread-like structure in the nucleus of a cell, containing a linear sequence of genes.
cilia: in unicellular plants, gametes, spores etc., minute hair-like protoplasmic protrusions whose movement confers motility on the cell; in higher plants, hairs more or less confined to the margins of an organ. sing. cilium; adj. ciliate.
cincinnus: a monochasial, cymose inflorescence with flowers arising alternately from one side of an axis then the other; a spirally curled cymose inflorescence.
circinnate (= circinate): spirally coiled, with the tip innermost.
circumsciss: (to) break open along a transverse line around the circumference. adj. circumscissile.
cladode: the photosynthetic stem of a plant whose foliage leaves are absent or much reduced. cf. phyllode.
cladophyll: a flattened, leaf-like photosynthetic stem not bearing leaves or scales. cf. phylloclade.
class: a major taxonomic rank, between order and division.
clavate: club-shaped.
claw: a narrow, stalk-like basal portion of a petal, sepal or bract.
cleft: divided almost to the midvein.
cleistogamous: of flowers, self-pollinating and setting fertile seed but never opening.
climber: any plant that climbs. cf. liane, scandent, tendril.
clone: a set of organisms produced from one parent by vegetative reproduction.
coccus: a one-carpel unit of a schizocarp or lobed fruit.
coccus: one of the (usually 1-seeded) lobes of a distinctly lobed fruit, becoming separate at maturity. pl. cocci.
cochlear: of the arrangement of corolla lobes in a bud, a variant of imbricate aestivation.
cochleate: coiled like a snail-shell.
cohesion: the sticking together of floral parts of the same whorl without organic fusion. adj. coherent.
collateral: situated side by side; adjacent and on the same radius of an axis.
colliculate: covered with small, rounded or hillock-like elevations (colliculae).
colporate: of a pollen grain, having both an elongated and a rounded aperture. cf. porate.
columella: the central axis of a moss capsule; sometimes applied to the central axis of fruits and cones.
column: (in grasses see; gynostemium), a structure in orchidaceae, asclepiadaceae and stylidiaceae, extending above the ovary of a flower and incorporating stigma, style and stamens.
coma: a tuft, especially of hairs on a seed.
coma: a tuft of hairs. adj. comose.
commissure: a join or seam; the interfacing of two fused carpels in an ovary.
complicate: of leaves, the lamina (or part of the lamina) folded upon itself.
compound: of a leaf, having the blade divided into two or more distinct leaflets; of an inflorescence, made up of an aggregate of smaller inflorescences.
compressed: flattened in one plane, either dorsally (bringing the front and back closer together) or laterally (bringing the sides closer together).
concolorous: coloured uniformly; the same colour on both sides. cf. discolorous.
concolorous: of uniform colour; of leaves, having both surfaces the same colour.
conduplicate: folded together, with the fold-line along the long axis (e.g. of cotyledon in a seed).
cone: in gymnosperms and club-mosses, a group of sporophylls arranged compactly on a central axis; (loosely) in casuarina, a woody multiple fruit incorporating the bracts and bracteoles associated with the flowers.
conflorescence: a compound inflorescence consisting of two or more unit inflorescences.
conflorescence: a flower-bearing branch system in which the main axis does not end in a flower but the axes of the branches do.
connate: fused to another organ (or other organs) of the same kind.
connective: the part of an anther that connects the lobes.
connivent: coming into contact; converging.
contorted: see convolute.
convolute: of the arrangement of corolla lobes in a bud, a form of imbricate aestivation in which each segment has one edge overlapping the adjacent segment, like a furled umbrella.
cordate: of a leaf blade, broad and notched at the base; heart-shaped.
cordiform: shaped like a heart (in three dimensions).
coriaceous: leathery.
corm: a fleshy, swollen stem base, usually underground, in which food reserves are stored between growing seasons.
corniculate: bearing, or terminating in, one or more small horns.
corolla: the petals of a flower collectively.
corona: a ring of tissue arising from the corolla or perianth of a flower and standing between the perianth lobes and the stamens.
corona: a ring of tissue derived from the perianth or filaments of a flower, and standing between the perianth lobes and the stamens.
cortex: the region of a stem or root surrounding the vascular cylinder but inside the epidermis.
corymb: a racemose inflorescence in which the pedicels of the lower flowers are longer than those of the flowers above, bringing all flowers to about the same level.
cotyledon: the primary leaf (or one of two or more primary leaves) of an embryo.
crenate: with small, rounded teeth; scalloped.
crenulate: minutely scalloped.
crown: the part of a tree or shrub above the level of the lowest branch.
crustaceous: brittle; of marine algae, encrusted with calcium carbonate.
cryptogam: (literally) a plant whose sexual reproductive parts are not conspicuous; a plant that produces spores, not seeds, in its sexual reproductive cycle, e.g. ferns, mosses, algae. cf. phanerogam.
cucullate: hooded; hood-shaped.
culm: an aerial stem, in grasses, sedges, rushes, etc., bearing the inflorescence.
cuneate: wedge-shaped.
cupuliform: nearly hemispherical, cupola-shaped.
curvinerved: with curved parallel veins.
cushion, floral: a swollen floral axis on which several small flowers are borne.
cuspidate: tapering into a sharp, rigid point.
cut: acutely divided at least halfway to the midvein.
cyathium: an inflorescence of unisexual flowers surrounded by involucral bracts, as in euphorbia.
cyclic: of floral organs, several borne at the same level on the axis; whorled. cf. spiral.
cyme: an inflorescence in which each flower, in turn, is formed at the tip of a growing axis and further flowers are formed on branches arising below it.
cymule: a diminutive cyme, usually few-flowered.
cypsela: a dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit formed from an inferior ovary. cf. achene.
cystolith: a stalked structure growing from a cell wall into the cell cavity, encrusted with calcium carbonate.
deciduous: falling seasonally, e.g. of the leaves or bark of some trees.
declinate: bent downwards or forwards.
decompound: more than once compound.
decumbent: spreading horizontally but then growing upwards.
decurrent: extending downwards beyond the point of insertion, e.g. of a lamina extending downwards to form a flange along the petiole.
decussate: in pairs, with successive pairs borne at right angles to each other.
definite: of a constant number; of stamens, twice as many as the petals or sepals, or less; of an inflorescence, ending in a flower or an aborted floral bud.
deflexed: bent downwards.
deflexed: bent outwards. cf. inflexed.
dehiscent: breaking open at maturity to release the contents.
deltoid: triangular with the sides of about equal length.
dendroid: tree-like in form but not in size. cf. arborescent.
dentate: toothed.
denticulate: finely toothed.
depressed: flattened as if pressed down from the top or end.
determinate: of growth or branching, with a bud or flower terminating the growth of the main axis; of an inflorescence, see definite.
diadelphous: having the stamens united into two groups, or all but one united in a group and one free.
diaphanous: extremely thin and transparent.
dichasium: a cymose inflorescence with opposite branching below the flower which terminates each axis. cf. monochasium.
dichlamydeous: of a flower, having two whorls of perianth parts.
dichotomous: forking into two equal branches resulting from division of the growing point.
diclinous: having the stamens and the carpels in separate flowers.
dicotyledon: a flowering plant whose embryo has two (rarely more) cotyledons (seed leaves). cf. monocotyledon.
didymous: borne in pairs; of anthers, having two lobes, with scarcely any tissue connecting them.
didynamous: of stamens, four in number, two being distinctly longer than the other two.
digitate: branching from the axis or stalk like the fingers of a hand.
dimorphic: of two different forms.
dioecious: having the male and female reproductive structures on separate plants. cf. monoecious.
diplecolobous: of cotyledons in a seed, twice folded transversely.
diploid: having two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the nucleus. cf. haploid, polyploid.
disc: a plate or rim of tissue, derived from the receptacle of a flower, occurring between whorls of floral parts.
discolorous: variegated; coloured differently on different sides. cf. concolorous.
dissepiment: a partition (septum) within an ovary or fruit, derived by fusion of adjacent carpels.
distal: remote from the point of origin or attachment. cf. proximal.
distichous: arranged in two rows on opposite sides of a stem and thus in the same plane.
diurnal: of flowers, opening only during daylight hours.
divaricate: widely spreading.
division: the major taxonomic rank within the plant kingdom (in which the phylum is no longer generally recognised). cf. phylum.
divided: separated, cut, cleft, lobed, parted
domatia: small structures on the lower surface of a leaf in some woody dicotyledons, usually consisting of depressions, partly enclosed by leaf tissue or hairs, located in the axils of the primary veins. sing. domatium.
dorsal: of a lateral organ, (relating to the side) facing away from the axis, i.e. the 'back'; of a thallus, facing away from the substratum. cf. ventral.
dorsifixed: attached at or by the back.
dorsiventral: having structurally different upper and lower surfaces.
drupe: a succulent fruit formed from one carpel, having the seed(s) enclosed in an inner stony layer of the fruit wall. adj. drupaceous (which is often used to mean drupe-like but not strictly a drupe). cf. berry, pyrene.
duplicate: folded twice.
echinate: bearing stiff, stout, pricklyy hairs.
edaphic: pertaining to the soil.
eglandular: without glands.
elaiosome: an appendage of a seed, usually rich in oil, not essential for the viability of the seed but attractive to fauna (especially ants) as a food for larvae etc. and hence an aid to dispersal by such fauna.
elater: an elongated, spirally thickened, hygroscopic cell in the capsule of a liverwort, derived from sporogenous tissue and assisting in spore dispersal; an appendage to the spore of equistem.
elliptic: oval in outline, widest at the centre.
emarginate: having a broad, shallow notch at the apex.
embryo: a young plant contained within an archegonium or seed.
enation: an epidermal outgrowth.
endemic: having a natural distribution confined to a particular geographical region.
endocarp: the innermost layer of the wall of a fruit; in a drupe, the stony layer surrounding the seed.
endosperm: nutritive tissue in a seed, in angiosperms triploid and formed in the embryo sac after fertilisation, in gymnosperms haploid and derived from the sterile portion of the female gametophyte. cf. perisperm.
entire: having a smooth margin, not dissected or toothed.
entomophilous: pollinated by insects.
ephemeral: short-lived.
epicalyx: a whorl of bracts, just below a flower, looking like a second calyx.
epicarp: the outer layer of the wall of a fruit, i.e. the 'skin'.
epicormic: of buds, shoots or flowers, borne on the old wood of trees (applied especially to shoots arising from dormant buds after injury or fire).
epicortical: on top of the bark, i.e. outside the bark.
epidermis: the outermost layer of cells of an organ, usually only one cell thick.
epigeal: of germination, having the cotyledon(s) emerging from the seed coat (testa) and becoming photosynthetic. cf. hypogeal
epigynous: of floral parts (especially stamens), attached above the level of insertion of the ovary, and arising from tissue that is fused to the ovary wall. cf. hypogynous, perigynous.
epipetalous: borne on the petals.
epiphyllous: growing on leaves, e.g. applied to vegetatively propagated plantlets in some crassulaceae.
epiphyte: a plant growing on, but not parasitic on, another plant (often loosely applied to plants, such as orchids, that grow on vertical rock faces). cf. parasite, saprophyte.
equilateral: of stamens, with anthers regularly spaced around the style.
equitant: of leaves, folded in half along the midline so that the adaxial surface disappears, and overlapping the edges of a similarly folded leaf on the opposite side of the stem.
eremean: pertaining to regions of low, irregular rainfall.
erose: margin irregularly incised.
erose: of a margin, finely and irregularly eroded or toothed.
eusporangiate: of ferns, having sporangia with walls more than one cell thick. cf. leptosporangiate.
evergreen: bearing green leaves throughout the year.
excentric: to one side; off centre.
exine: the outer layer of the wall of a pollen grain or spore.
exocarp: the outer layer or skin of a pericarp.
exserted: protruding, e.g. of stamens with respect to a corolla tube.
exstipulate: without stipules.
extravaginal: of a shoot, arising from an axillary bud which breaks through the sheath of the subtending leaf.
extrorse: of anthers, opening away from the centre of the flower. cf. introrse.